Benefits of Credit Cards

This article will provide you a crisp idea, "why you should have a credit card". A credit card, typically issued by a financial institution like a bank, is a plastic card enabling the cardholder to borrow funds for purchases or services. It serves as a widely used and convenient payment method, extending a line of credit to the user. When utilizing a credit card for a transaction, one essentially borrows money from the card issuer and is obligated to repay the borrowed amount within a specified period, usually on a monthly basis.

Key characteristics of credit cards encompass:

Credit Limit: The maximum amount that can be borrowed using the credit card, determined by the card issuer based on factors like creditworthiness, income, and financial considerations. You can also modify, increase or decrease your limit any time within the permissible limit provided by the service provider.

Interest Rates: If the full balance is not paid by the due date, the remaining amount accrues interest. Credit cards often feature variable interest rates, which may be relatively high compared to other credit forms. One major point here is that the in case of non-payment the interest charged is immensely high and charged on per day basis. 

Grace Period: Many credit cards provide a grace period, typically spanning from 21 to 25 days after the billing cycle ends, during which the borrowed amount can be repaid without incurring interest charges.

Fees: Various fees, including annual fees, late payment fees, and cash advance fees, may be associated with credit cards. Awareness of these fees and card terms is crucial. Read the charges schedule attached with the card carefully. 

Rewards and Benefits: Some credit cards offer rewards programs, cashback, or perks such as travel rewards, discounts, or redeemable points for merchandise and services. You can book flights, travel tickets, hotels. With redeemable points you can also shop or convert them in cash (in specific facilitator case like HDFC).  

Security Features: Credit cards commonly include security features like fraud protection, zero-liability policies, and the ability to dispute unauthorized transactions.

It is imperative for cardholders to use credit cards responsibly, managing expenditures within their means, and ensuring timely bill payments to avoid accumulating debt and facing high-interest charges.

Advantages of Credit cards

Advantages of Credit Card Bifurcation

Credit cards provide several advantages when used responsibly, including:

Convenience: Offering a hassle-free way to make purchases without the need for large amounts of cash, credit cards are widely accepted globally, facilitating online shopping and travel.

Building Credit History: Responsible credit card use, such as timely payments, contributes positively to one's credit history, essential for favorable terms on loans and mortgages.

Building Credit score: Use of credit card helps you to build your credit score and enhance your Credit rating, CIBIL score. Which helps to get better future finances at economic rates. To understand  better go my specific blog Taxolawgy With Priyanka Tiwari: Credit Score

Emergency Fund: Serving as a financial safety net during unforeseen expenses, credit cards offer quick access to funds in times of need.

Rewards and Perks: Many credit cards feature rewards programs, providing benefits like cashback, travel rewards, and various perks, enhancing the overall cardholder experience.

Security Features: With fraud protection, zero-liability policies, and dispute mechanisms, credit cards offer security layers for transactions.

Grace Period: The grace period allows interest-free use of the credit card if the balance is paid in full each month.

Building Financial Discipline: Managing a credit card entails budgeting, timely payments, and understanding credit terms, fostering responsible financial habits.

Travel Benefits: Certain credit cards offer travel-related advantages, including insurance, rental car coverage, and airport lounge access, enhancing the travel experience. People mostly enjoy the lounge access at airports the most.  

It's crucial to recognize that while credit cards offer numerous benefits, responsible use is essential to avoid accumulating debt and negatively impacting one's credit score through actions such as maintaining a high balance or missing payments.

Relevant blogs : 

Introduction to Mutual Funds : Taxolawgy With Priyanka Tiwari: Introduction to Mutual Funds

How to improve your CIBIL or Credit score : Taxolawgy With Priyanka Tiwari: How to improve your CIBIL or Credit score

Books of Accounts to be kept by business and professional – Section 44 AA

Books of Accounts to be kept by business and professional – Section 44 AA

Many of the businesses and professionals are always in ambiguity that which books & records to be kept as per Income Tax Act 1961. Today we will decode this complete Section 44AA of the Income Tax Act 1961. Section 44AA of the Income Tax Act 1961 is for Maintenance of accounts by certain persons carrying on profession or business.

Before going ahead, we must understand certain professional. Certain Profession here include person into :

1. Legal
2. Medical
3. Engineering
4. Architectural profession
5. Profession of accountancy
6. Technical consultancy
7. Interior decoration
8. Authorised representative
9. Film artist includes:

I. actor

II. cameraman

III. director, including an assistant director

IV. music director, including an assistant music director

V. art director, including an assistant art director

VI. dance director, including an assistant dance director

VII. editor

VIII. singer

IX. lyricist

X. story writer

XI. screen-play writer

XII. dialogue writer

XIII. dress designer



Certain professional not required to maintain any books

The total gross receipt in case of new setup in current year does not exceed one lakh fifty thousand and in old set up, the gross receipt should not exceed one lakh fifty thousand in any of the three previous years.

Need to maintain booked of accounts under Business & Profession:

A. For individual & HUF :

I. If the income exceeds Two lakh fifty thousand or total sales, turnover or gross receipt exceeds twenty five lakh rupees.

II. Newly set up business, income exceeds Two lakh fifty thousand or total sales, turnover or gross receipt exceeds twenty five lakh rupees.

B. For others :

I. If the income exceeds One lakh twenty thousand or total sales, turnover or gross receipt exceeds ten lakh rupees.

II. Newly set up business, income exceeds One lakh twenty thousand or total sales, turnover or gross receipt exceeds ten lakh rupees.

(Rest other conditions are common for all)


C. If the assessee has claimed income under section 44AE, 44BB or 44BBB and he claim his income below the limit define under the section.

D. If the assessee follows section 44AE & his to total income exceeds invoice chargeable to tax.


The books of accounts which specific professional need to maintain :

1.  Cash book

2. Journal

3. Ledger

4. Carbon copies of Bill

Medical professional need to maintain additional records :

(1) Daily cash register as per Form no. 3C

(2) Inventory record

Period - The books and records are to be maintain for six assessment year and to be maintained at the principle place of business.

Decoding Salary from Salary Slip : Understanding the Components & Terms of of Employment Agreement

 

It's high time that everyone should understand their salary pay and plan accordingly. I have had numerous interactions with fresher employees who won't have any idea about their actual salary, take home salary and CTC etc.

Understanding your Salary bifurcation is crucial in salary negotiation as well. Salary is an important aspect of employment that not only pays your bills but also determines your standard of living. As a salaried employee, it's important to understand the various components of your salary in the employment agreement.

Basic Salary

As the same suggests, basic salary is the fixed amount of money paid to an employee excluding any other allowances or benefits. This amount is determined by the employer and is usually a fixed percentage of the total salary. The basic salary is the foundation of the salary structure and is used to calculate other components of the salary. It is the one which should be looked at the very first as it is fully taxable.

Take Home Salary

It is the salary you are paid in cash form. Take-home salary is the net amount that you receive after all the deductions from your salary. It is the amount that is credited to your bank account on a monthly basis. Take-home salary is calculated by deducting various taxes and other deductions such as provident fund, professional tax, and income tax from the gross salary.

Allowances/Add on Salary

In simple terms, it is addition to your basic salary. Add-on salary is the amount of money paid to an employee as an additional component to the basic salary. This includes various allowances such as House Rent Allowance (HRA), Dearness Allowance (DA), and Conveyance Allowance (CA). These allowances are usually paid to employees to cover their expenses related to rent, transportation, and other costs.

Reimbursements

The expenses which are incurred in relation to employment and discharge of official duties are reimbursed or repaid by the employer to the employee as were initially paid by the employee. Like telephone bill reimbursement or broadband bill reimbursement.

Retirement Benefits

 

That part of salary which is deducted and paid for your retirement life and it’s planning. Retirement benefits are the amount of money paid to an employee after they retire from their job. These benefits include Provident Fund (PF), Employee Provident Fund (EPF), and Gratuity. PF and EPF are mandatory contributions made by the employee and the employer towards the employee's retirement savings. Gratuity is a lump sum amount paid to the employee by the employer as a gesture of appreciation for the employee's long-term service.

Gratuity

Gratuity is a lump sum amount paid to an employee by the employer as a gesture of appreciation for the employee's long-term service. Gratuity is calculated based on the employee's last drawn salary and the number of years of service.

CTC

CTC stands for Cost to Company, which is the total amount of money that an employer spends on an employee annually. CTC includes all the components of the salary, such as basic salary, allowances, and retirement benefits.

TDS (Tax Deduction at Source)

Employers deduct tax from salary paid to employee's salary and pays it to the government on behalf of the employee. They incorporate all other income component and then calculate tax.

Professional Tax Deduction

Professional tax is a tax levied by the state government on individuals who earn an income. This tax is deducted by the employer from the employee's salary and paid to the state government on behalf of the employee.

Provident Fund Provident

Provident Fund is a retirement savings scheme in which both the employee and the employer contribute a fixed percentage of the employee's salary towards their retirement savings. The contributions made towards Provident Fund are tax-free up to a certain limit.

Tax Planning

Tax planning is the process of managing your finances in a way that helps you to plan your investment and minimize your tax liability.

The deduction and planning over each element will be discussed in my next blog post. Stay tuned and share your comments.

Do Refer the below for benefits :

Taxolawgy With Priyanka Tiwari: How to Safe Tax over Arrears or Advance of Salary Received

Taxolawgy With Priyanka Tiwari: How to Get Form 16 Yourself in 3 Mins

Taxolawgy With Priyanka Tiwari: How to Check Income Tax Refund Status

Taxolawgy With Priyanka Tiwari: How to apply for PAN (Permanent Account No.) Online and Get it in One Hour

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

डॉक्टर डायन

डॉ. राहीस - शाजिया, तुम कही पास के गाँव में ट्रेनिंग करों अगर करनी ही है, या बेटा ऍम .डी (डॉक्टर ऑफ़ मेडिसिन) के बाद करना आराम से ट्रेनिंग।

शाजिया - अब्बू, रूरल (ग्रामीण) ट्रेनिंग से नॉलेज  (ज्ञान) मिलेगा और ऍम .डी के बाद मैं ट्रेनिंग स्पेशलाइजेशन में करुँगी। अभी तो फिजिशियन की ट्रेनिंग लेना है। आप तो सब जानते है, खुद डॉक्टर है।

डॉ राहीस - पर अपने बिहार में इतने गाँव है तुम्हें ये दूसरे स्टेट (प्रदेश) के गाँव में ही क्यों जाना है। वह भी उस गाँव में जहाँ सड़के भी नहीं है।

शाजिया - अब्बू, आप समझाये कितना चल्लेंजिंग एक्सपीरियंस (चुनौतीपूर्ण) होगा। और वहाँ कितना कुछ सीखने मिलेगा।

डॉ. राहीस - बेटा वहाँ जातिवाद का बड़ा बोलबाला है। "इट्स  नॉट  राईट प्लेस फॉर यू" (वो  सही जगह  नहीं है तुम्हारे लिए)।

शाजिया - ओह्ह अब्बू, मैं सब सम्हाल  लूंगी। आप बस फॉर्म सइंग  कीजिए। 

डॉ. राहीस - शाजिया, तुम न.इ.इ.टी (नेशनल एंट्रेंस कम एलिजिबिल्टी टेस्ट) और अपने कॉलेज की टॉपर हो, कोई भी गवर्नमेंट मेडिकल कॉलेज मिल जाएगा, तो ये परेशानी क्यों मोल ले रही हो। अभी तुम बहुत यंग (युवा) हो, अभी तुम्हे इतना एक्सपीरियंस (तजुर्बा) नहीं दुनिया-दारी का।

शाजिया शेख एक चौबीस (२४) वर्ष की ऍम.बी.बी.एस (बैचलर ऑफ़ मेडिसिन अण्ड बैचलर ऑफ़ सर्जरी) ग्रेजुएट है जो अपनी मेडिकल की ट्रेनिंग के लिए एक पिछड़े हुए आदिवासी गाँव में जाना चाहती है। उनके पिता बिलकुल नहीं चाहते शाजिया वहाँ जाए क्यों की वो एक पिछड़ा इलाका है।

शाजिया - अब्बू, एक्सपीरियंस (तजुर्बा) करने से ही आयेगा। और अब मैं बड़ी हो गयी हूँ। अब दुनिया नहीं देखूँगी तो कब देखूँगी। मैं आपकी बेटी हूँ, बचपन से आपको देख कर सीख ही तो रही हूँ। अब अपनी दुनिया भी जीत लूँ। मैं हर हाल में सब सहमल लूँगी। 

मुझे जाने दीजिए न.... प्लीज। ....

डॉ. राहीस बेटी की सुनन कर मान जाते है, और बोलते है... 

डॉ. राहीस - शाजिया, डॉक्टर होना आसान है, पर बनना मुश्किल। लोग एक पल में खुदा और दूसरे ही पल शैतान बना देते है। कभी कभी दुसरो की जान छोडो,अपनी जान बचाना मुश्किल हो जाता है बेटा। पर जो भी हो अपने मरीज की जान हर हाल में बचाना। चाहे उसके लिए लड़ना भी पड़े।

पिता के शब्द शाजिया के दिलो दिमाग में बैठ चुके थे। अगले महीने ही शाजिया उस गाँव के लिये निकल गई। पहेल तो पास के एक छोटे रेलवे स्टेशन पहुंची, फिर वह से एक जीप में गाँव के लिए निकली। रास्ता तो था ही नहीं, कच्ची सड़क थी और शाजिया अकेली। जैसे तैसे वो गाँव पहुंची।

गाँव पहुंचने में रात हो गयी। इसलिए उसे जो होस्पिटल (अस्पताल) का क्वॉटर मिला था वहाँ पहुंचते ही सो गयी। क्या हॉस्पिटल ! 

ये तो एक छोटा प्राथमिक केंद्र जैसा था। यहाँ दो (२) डॉक्टर, डॉ सरला और डॉ निर्मल। एक नर्स और एक कम्पाउण्डर है। सीनियर डॉक्टर सरला जी है।

सुबह शाजिया डॉक्टर सरला से मिलती है। 

डॉ. सरला - यहाँ ज्यादा लोग डॉक्टर के पास नहीं आते बल्कि बाबा के पास जाते है। और वह से ठीक भी हो जाते है। जिन्हें वह ठीक नहीं कर पाते वह हमारे पास आते है। 

डॉक्टर सरला का रिटायरमेंट (सेवानिवृत्ति) होने वाला है अगले महीने में। वो एक सरल सौभाव की महिला है।

डॉ. सरला - तुम अपने काम से काम रखना और ज्यादा किसी से बोलने ही जरुरत नहीं। तुम बस जो मरीज अस्पताल में आए उन्हें देखो और गाँव के अंदर रहो। गाँव के बाहरी इलाको में जाने की जरुरत नहीं।

शाजिया - पर ऐसा क्यों ????

डॉ. सरला - मैं तुम्हारी गाइड हूँ, जो बोलू उसे  मानो । आपकी सेफ्टी (सुरक्षा) के लिये बोल रही हूँ।

शाजिया - पर कुछ चाहिए हो तो ???

डॉ. सरला - हर सप्ताह अस्पताल की गाड़ी शहर जाती है, तुम भी चली जाना।

अलगे एक महीने तक शाजिया डॉ सरला के अंदर ट्रेनिंग करती है। और फिर डॉ सरला अपना रिटायरमेंट ले कर चली जाती। और शाजिया को मौका मिल जाता है गाँव घूमने का। वो गाँव को जान समझ रही थी।

एक दिन वह शाम के समय गाँव के बाहर के इलाके में जा पहुंची और देखती है - कुछ औरते और लड़किया बेसूध चीख चिल्ला रही। कोई बेहोश हो रही है, तो कोई जमीन पर लोट रही है। जैसे सब पागल हो गयी हो।

कुछ गाँव वाले आस पास बैठे बस देख रहे थे।

शाजिया बहुत डर जाती है पर हिम्मत कर के आगे बड़ती है और एक आदमी से पूछती है ! 

(माहौल में एक डर का साया है, हवा जैसे कुछ अलग ही सेहक के साथ बह रही है)

शाजिया - भइँया क्या होआ है इन्हे ???

आदमी शाजिया को पहचान जाता है और बोलता है।

"मैडम जी ये सब डायन के वश में है, आप यहाँ से चले जाओ। ये डायन अकेली, कमसिन-युवा, विधवा और बूढी औरतो को पकड़ लेती है।"

इतना सुनते ही साजिया घबरा जाती है। वह समझ ही नहीं पाती की करे तो करे क्या। उसके पैर जैसे जम गए हो। ना आगे बढ़ पाती है, और न पीछे जा पाती है। फिर शरीर की पूरी जान लगा कर वहाँ से भाग निकलती है।

शाजिया की सारी रात डर के साये में बीती और दिन को भी चैन न मिला। शाजिया ने ऐसा कुछ पहले देखा ही नहीं था, और जानना चाहती थी इसके बारे में।

डॉ. निर्मल - डॉ. शाजिया आप थोड़ी परेशन दिख रही हो । क्या हुआ, घर की याद आ रही है क्या। (हस्ते हुऐ )

शाजिया - नहीं डॉक्टर। बस कल गाँव के बाहर के इलाके में गयी थी। वहाँ कुछ औरतो और बच्चियों ....... (बोलते बोलते संकोच में रुक जाती है)

डॉ. निर्मल - अच्छा अब समझा, दयानो को देख लिया अपने। चलो अच्छा होआ। वैसे भी हम आपसे कितने दिन छुपाते। आपसे पहल ४ (चार) जूनियर डॉक्टर्स भाग चुकी है। इसलिए डॉ. सरला आपको रोक रही थी। खेर अब आपकी मर्जी है हम आपको रोकेंगे नहीं। आप जाना चाहे तो जा सकती है...... (दबी आवाज में, सांसे भरते हुऐ )

शाजिया - आप डॉक्टर होते होए कैसी बात कर रहे है। 

हाँ, घबराई थी मैं ,पर अब जानना चाहती हूँ।  हुआ क्या है इनको !

डॉ. निर्मल - देखो शाजिया , एक डॉक्टर होने के नाते हमने हर औरत के सारे टेस्ट (जाँच) करवाये और सबको ऑब्जरवेशन (देख रेख)में भी रखा।

शाजिया - क्या रिजल्ट आया टेस्ट और ऑब्जरवेशन  का ?? (उक्सुकता  के साथ बोली )

डॉ. निर्मल - कुछ नहीं। सब नार्मल (सामान्य) है। इन औरतो और बच्चियों को कोई परेशानी नहीं, बीमारी  भी नहीं है। ये बिलकुल स्वस्थ है।

ये सब आम तोर पर ठीक रहती है। बिलकुल नार्मल ........ पर जब बेसूध और पागल होती है तो सब एक साथ होती है। हमने हर मुमकिन कोशिश की पर कुछ समझ नहीं आया। दवाइयाँ, ट्रीटमेंट, देहोशी के डोस ........ पर कुछ काम नहीं आया।

जब भी ये सब ऐसी होती है, ये बेकाबू हो जाती है।

शाजिया - कुछ तो पता चला होगा आपको।

डॉ. निर्मल - देखने से सच लगता है, डायन का साया है इन सब पर। क्यों की कोई बीमारी नहीं है इन्हे। ये पागल भी नहीं। पर सब एक साथ ऐसे कैसे हो जाती है .....

कोई बेसूध होती, तो कोई बेहोश, कोई चिल्लाती है, तो जमीन पर लोटती है .........

कोई बाल हवा में घूमती है, तो कोई खुद में झूमती है ......... (हताश स्वर में )

शाजिया - पर गाँव के बहार क्यों रखा है ???

डॉ. निर्मल - क्यों की ये डायन अपना साया एक से दूसरी पर फैलाती है। ये सब २ साल पहले शुरू हुआ ।

एक औरत थी, नीमो नाम की। बड़ी अच्छी औरत थी। बगल के गाँव से थी। उसके आदमी ने उसे हमारे गाँव की औरत के लिए छोड़ दिया। उसने हमारे गाँव के हर इंसान के आगे हाँथ जोड़े थे, रो-रो कर बिनती की थी। अरज की थी की उस औरत को समझाये, मेरा और मेरे बच्चे का इस दुनिया और कोई नहीं है। पंचो से भी उसने अर्जी लगाई, पर किसी ने उसके पति को कुछ नहीं बोला। क्यों की उसके पति ने सब का मुँह पैसो से भर दिया था। उसके परिवार में और कोई नहीं था, बस उसका एक बेटा था। उसका बेटा भी पीलिया से बीमार हो कर मर गया। उसका पति उस औरत के साथ शहर चला गया। वह अकेली औरत, बेचारी पागल हो कर पुरे गाँव में भटकती रही और हर किसी को बद्दुआ देती रही। आखिर में उसने पीपल के पेड़ पर फाँसी लगा कर जान दे दी।

उसके बाद कई लोगो को वह रात में उसी पेड़ के पास दिखी।

और जल्दी ही गाँव की औरतों पर उसका साया हो गया।

शाजिया - आप लोगो में से किसी ने इन औरतो और लड़कियों से बात की ???

डॉ. निर्मल - आप से पहले जो ४ (चार) फीमेल जूनियर डॉक्टर्स आई थी ,उनने कोशिश की। पर वह खुद बीमार हो गयी, उस डायन के असर से। इसलिए तो आपको इन सब से दूर रखा।

शाजिया - तो अब इन औरतो और बच्चियों का क्या होगा। उनका खाना पानी।

डॉ. निर्मल - ये सब भगवन के भरोसे है। कुछ लोग बचा हुआ खाना इनके लिए रख आते है अपने मान से, नहीं तो ये बेचारिया भूखी मरती रहती है। इनमे से कुछ है जो गाँव के घरो में खाना चुरा कर खुद खा लेती है।

वैसे बिच-बिच में बाबा जी आते है। तो गाँव वाले उनके बोलने पर इनको अच्छा खाना और कपड़ें दे आते है। जब तक बाबा जी गाँव में रहते है ये औरते ठीक रहती है। 

शाजिया - बाबा जी ??

ये वही बाबा जी है क्या जिनके बारे में  डॉ. सरला बाता  रही थी। 

डॉ. निर्मल - हाँ ये वही  बाबा जी है। वह जड़ी बूटियों और ध्यान विद्या से गाँव वालो का कई सालो से इलाज  कर रहे है। 

शाजिया कई दिनों  तक उन औरतो को गाँव के बाहर देखने जाती रही। शाजिया को गाँव वाले अब डायन डॉक्टर बोलते थे। इसी बिच गाँव में बाबा जी का आगमन  होआ। शाजिया बाबा जी से मिलने गयी। 

दूसरी तरफ गाँव में डायनो की आबादी बढ़ती जा रही थी। गाँव वालो ने इठक्का हो कर ये फैसला कर लिए था, की इन सारी औरतों और लड़कियों को गाँव के बाहर दूर बीहड़ो में छोड़ आयेंगे। 

बाबा जी - बेटी तुम ही हो जो इन औरतो का इतना ध्यान देती हूँ। 

शाजिया - बाबा जी क्या होगा इन औरतो का। 

बाबा जी - मैं कोशिश कर रहा हूँ। जब तक हो सकेंगे इनको बचाऊँगा। 

इसी बिच बाबा जी और शाजिया को गाँव वालो के फैसले का पता चला। 

शाजिया - बाबा ! ये भूखी -प्यासी मर जाएँगी। 

बाबा जी -  हम कोशिश करेंगे की ऐसा न हो। तुम उम्मीद न छोड़ो शाजिया। तुम समझदारी से काम लो। 

बाबा शाजिया को  समझाते है। उसे तसल्ली देते है और शाम वही गुजरने बोलते है ताकि वह बेचैन न हो। शाजिया रात में अपने क्वॉटर पहुँचती है। 

शाजिया (खुद से ) - बाबा की बातो से सुकून की शाम तो गुजर गयी, पर रात भरी थी। दिन में चट्टान की तरह मज़बूत आदमी भी रात के काले-वीराने-अँधेरे में कितना कमजोर हो जाता है। रात के अकेलेपन में इंसान कितना बेबस हो जाता है। उसे हर वो अधूरी बात, न-मुकम्मल ख़्वाब, गेहरा जख्म , दुःख, डर और दर्द याद आ जाता है जिससे वह दिन में भूल जाता है। रात के अकेलेपन में हर कोई कमज़ोर हो जाता  है। (फिर कुछ सोचने लगती है)

या खुदा !!

ये तो सच में !!!

(खुद से ऐसा बोलते ही शाजिया कुछ खोजने लगती है और इसी में सुबह हो जाती है)

सुबह होते ही बाबा से मिलने जाती है और फिर गाँव वालो से  बोलती है।  

शाजिया - बाबा जी ने इन औरतो से डायन निकलने की सिद्धि खोज ली है, पर अगर हमने इन औरतो को गाँव से बहार निकल दिया तो डायन गाँव को बर्बाद कर देगी। 

 

गाँव वाले (घबराते होए) - तो हम क्या करे। हम इन्हे ज्यादा बर्दाश नहीं कर सकते।  

शाजिया - बाबा एक महीने में आपको इन डायनो से छुटकारा दिला देंगे। पर हम सबको मिल कर काम करना होगा नहीं तो डायन हम पर हमला कर सकती है या करवा सकती है।  

गाँव वाले - हममे क्या करना होगा। 

शाजिया - इन २५ औरतो को गाँव के २५ घरो को देखना होगा। जिस भी औरत या लड़की को घर वाले चुनेगे वो  उनके साथ  रहेगी। इनसे कोई भी गलत बात या व्यवहार नहीं करेगा। इनके साथ बिलकुल आम तरीके से रहेंगे। नहीं तो डायन इन पर फिर हावी हो जाएगी किसी भी वक़्त।  

मेँ दिन में दो बार हर घर आउंगी और इन डायनो को कुछ वक़्त में लिए अपने साथ ले जाउंगी पूजा कराने। बाबा जी ने पूजा की विधि बना ली है। 

गाँव वाले - और क्या होगा अगर ये एक महीने में भी डायन के वश से बहार नहीं आई तो।

शाजिया - तो फिर आप सब जैसा चाहे कर सकते है। 

गाँव वालो ने शाजिया की बात मान ली। शुरू में डायन के साया ने इन औरतो और बच्चियों को थोड़ा परेशान किया, वह थोड़ा बेकाबू होती रही कभी कभी। पर १५ दिन में ही डायन का साया आना कम हो गया। 

आज एक महीना ख़तम होना था। वैसे तो सारी औरतो और बच्चियों डायन के साये से बहार थी पर एक सिमा नाम की औरत अभी की डायन के वश में थी। 

गाँव वाले - ये सिमा डायन को बहार करो गाँव से। बाकि सब डायन के साये से मुक्त है अब।  

शाजिया - ये भी डायन के साये से मुक्त हो जाएगी। बस थोड़ा और वक़्त दीजिये हममें । 

गाँव वाले - इस डायन को तो मर ही डालो। आज ही ये किस्सा ख़तम हो जाएगा। 

शाजिया - अरे आप लोग शान्त हो जाइये। बात समझिये। 

गाँव वाले -  इस डायन को अब हम और बर्दाश नहीं कर सकते।  मर डालो इसे। (गुस्से में )

शाजिया - बस.... (ऊंची आवाज में )

               डायन ये औरते और बच्चिया नहीं है !

               बल्कि हम लोग शैतान है, रक्षास है। किसी बेरहम जल्लाद से ज्यादा बत्तर है हम !

               इस औरतो या लड़कियों पर कोई डायन का साया नहीं है। बल्कि ये सब बीमार है !

               इन्हे "मास हिस्टीरिया" है। ये एक मानसिक बीमारी है। 

               इस बीमारी के कारण ही ये ऐसे बेसुध चीखती चिलाती है। 

आप लोगो ने देखा नहीं, ये सारी औरतो और लड़कियों या तो मजबूर है या बेसहारा। अगर इनके घर भी है तो इन पर कोई ध्यान नहीं देता। या तो इन्हे नजरअंदाज किया जाता है। इन्हे किसी चीज़ की तरह रखा जाता है, इंसान तो कोई मानता नहीं। इस अकेलेपन और बेबसी के कारण ही इन औरतो को ये बीमारी हो गयी। 

आप लोग अगर ध्यान दे तो, इनमे से कोई बेवा है, तो कोई अनाथ है। किसी का पति दूर-देश है, तो कोई नज़र-अंदाज की हुई बुजुर्ग है। 

बाबा जी - शाजिया ठीक बोल रही है। अगर हम दोनों आप लोगो को ये पहले बताते तो आप लोग शायद मानते नहीं। 

शाजिया - नीमो के किस्से ने इन सब के अंदर के डर को , और इनके अकेलेपन को बीमारी में बदल किया।  "मास हिस्टीरिया" में !

ये बीमारी एक से दूसरे में फैलती है। "मास" का मतलब का "भीड़"। ये एक मानसिक बीमारी है। ये एक साथ कई लोगो को होती है।  ये बीमारी अकेलेपन और अधूरेपन  के कारण होती है। 

बाबा जी - मैंने और शाजिया ने मिल कर इन औरतो का इलाज़ करने के लिए, ये एक महीने की विधि का बहाना बनाया। शाजिया ने इस बीमारी के बारे में पढ़ा और डॉ. निर्मल के साथ  मिल कर इलाज बनाया। डॉ. निर्मल ने  जरूरी  दवाएं  अलग-अलग  शेहरो  से मँगवाई। 

शाजिया - आप लोगो के प्यार और अपनेपन ने इन औरतो का आधे से ज्यादा इलाज कर दिया। रोज़ पूजा के बहाने मैं इनका चेक उप, हाल और दवाईयाँ लेती-देती रहती थी। 

सच मानिये तो इनका इलाज  हमने नहीं, आप गाँव वालो ने  किया है। अब  प्लीज (कृपया) इनको अपना भी लीजिये। 

गाँव वालो के चेहरों पर लज़्ज़ा और पछतावे के भाव थे, और इन औरतो के चेहरों पर सुकून। इन औरतो और बच्चियों की हिर्दय बह्व-विभोर हो गए थे। गांव वालो ने इन औरतो और बच्चियों को अपना लिया था, और इनने गाँव वालो को। सब अपने घर चले  जाते है। 

बाबा जी - डॉक्टर डायन (हस्ते हुए)। अपने तो पुरे गाँव का ईलाज कर दिया एक साथ। कैसा लग रहा है। 

शाजिया - अच्छा लग रहा है (सोचए हुई भाव के साथ बोली) 

बाबा जी -  क्या हुआ शाजिया, क्या सोच रही हो ??

शाजिया - (विचारपूर्ण भाव के साथ) इन परिस्थियों को देख-समझ कर मेरे मान में एक ख्याल आया है। 

बाबा जी - क्या शाजिया। 

शाजिया - हम अपनों को चलना सिखाते है, बोलना सिखाते है, पढ़ना-लिखना सिखाते है, पैसे कामना सिखाते है। पर हम सब को अकेले रहना क्यों नहीं सिखाते। 

बाबा जी - ऐसा विचार क्यों आया तुम्हारे मान में शाजिया। 

शाजिया - बाबा जी। इन औरतो को ये बीमारी इसलिए हुई क्यों की इन पर इनका अकेलापन हावी हो गया। ये बेसहारा थी, इसलिए ये सब हुआ इनके साथ। 

आज के वर्तमान समय में मुझे लगता है की हमें लोगो को अकेले रहना भी सीखना चाहिए। खुद से प्यार करना भी सीखना चाहिए। खुद के लिए जीना भी सीखना चाहिए। 

क्यों सही बोल रही हूँ न ??

बाबा जी शाजिया की बाते सुन्न कर वहाँ से मुस्कुराते हुऐ चले जाते है। 

कलम से

प्रियंका तिवारी

मेरी और भी कहानिया पढ़ने के लिए निचे दिये लिंक पर क्लिक कर :

Taxolawgy With Priyanka Tiwari: बाबु जी की आखिर सहेली

Taxolawgy With Priyanka Tiwari: बचपन की अनजान सीख

Taxolawgy With Priyanka Tiwari: नमक के मजदुर और उनकी मजबूरी - कच्छ का रण

Taxolawgy With Priyanka Tiwari: सफर और मंजिल

Special Thanks to Dr. Pragati Gupta (Bhikangaon, Khargone (M.P)) for her guidance and knowledge about the curriculum of M.B.B.S. 

Disclaimer :

This is a work of fiction. Names, characters, businesses, places, events and incidents are either the products of the author’s imagination or used in a fictitious manner. Any resemblance to actual persons, living or dead, or actual events or any other literary material, called by any other name, is purely coincidental. The story is purely for entertainment purpose and the author has no intention to hurt the sentiments & emotions of any individual or public at large.

 

How to improve your CIBIL or Credit score

 

How to improve your CIBIL or Credit score

Business and personal needs drive a person to reach out for a loan. But getting loan is not an easy task as it seems. You need to have a good credit rating for getting a loan apart from your financial stability. The biggest fact about this lending industry, which I have learned in all these years of my experience. Is that loan is not provided to the needy, it is provided to the greedy. One who has the capability to repay it. Apart from your financial papers, net worth calculation, income proof, CMA and income source, the think which plays a crucial role in the sanction and approval of your loan is your “CREDIT SCORE”.

You must have seen or evident many occasions where you come across the testing of your Credit Score like, “Get your Credit Score” or “Test your Credit Score”. Many of you must have got your loan application rejected or declined due to poor credit score. Now the biggest question which is right now popping in your mind is, “what is the Credit Score”, “Why is it so important for loan approval” and “how to improve it” etc.

Credit Score or CIBIL

Credit Score is the rating provided by a credit bureau which denoted your credit worthiness and potential to repay the loan or debt. It provides the estimate to the bank or financial institution about your capability to repay their loans. It’s a three digit score. It ranges from 300 to 900. The higher your score is, the better your rating and chances to get the loan sanctioned. In India mostly credit score is been addressed as CIBIL or CIBIL Score which is not official correct but due to daily practices it’s apparently considered correct. In India there are four concerns or in correct words, bureaus authorized by RBI (Reserve Bank of India) to provide credit score. Credit Information Bureau (India) Limited [CIBIL] is one of the most preferred credit bureau that is the reason why credit score in India is referred as CIBIL Score or CIBIL.

Credit score is only for individuals or persons. For others like company, firm, business entity and even including individuals the credit analysis is called as credit rating.

Anybody can check their credit score from various websites available.

Importance & Benefits of Credit Score

A good Credit Score provides many privileges and benefits to an individual. Every finance seeker desires to have a high Credit Score. A credit score above 700-750 is considered good score. The importance and benefits of high credit score are :-

1. Easy loan sanction – the people with good credit score gets the loan sanctioned easily. The loan sanction process starts with the checking of credit score. A person with good credit score has the higher chances of getting the loan application approved and loan sanctioned. A bad credit scope gets the loan application rejected right at the face.

2. Get low interest rates – the person with good credit rating may get competitively low interest rate as the banks and financial institutions try to capture the prospective client. A person with good credit rating has a high negotiating power to negotiate and lower their interest charging rates.

3. Charges waiver or decrease – the person with good credit rating may get financial charges and other charges waiver or decrease which results in financial cost saving in complete life cycle of loan. Even such category of persons may also negotiate with the bank or financial institution to waive their charges.

4. Lower processing Fee – the person with good credit rating may lower or decrease the processing fee over their loan after negotiation.

5. Higher and more rewards – In case of credit card, the person with better credit rating gets more rewards likes cashback, discount, coupons etc.

Credit Rating Issuers

In India, credit rating is provided by four Bureaus authorised by RBI (Reserve Bank of India). We will not go in detail about these Bureaus.

1.    Credit Information Bureau (India) Limited (CIBIL)

2.    Equifax

3.    Experian

4.    CRIF High Mark

How to improve Credit Rating

This is the most crucial part to discuss. With the help of this knowledge anybody can improve their credit rating. The following will help to improve your credit rating:-

1. Use credit card regularly – If you have credit card use it regularly. If credit card is not used properly then the credit rating is affected as it shows low financial needs and utilisation.

Here is a trick to show your credit card limit usage. If you are not using credit card for shopping or other lucrative purchases, pay your routine bills by your credit cards and get its usage reflection in records.

2. Pay you loans and credits before due date – Pay your loans and credit cards dues a little before their due dates. It reflects the healthy money flow. And holding the payment till the last date degrades your credit track record.

3. Don’t check score frequently – Mostly it is recommended to check your credit score frequently but I have seen in the past that individuals with poor credit score use to frequently check there credit score and it resulted in further decreasing their credit score. So if your credit rating is low don’t check it very frequently. First build a little sound investment record and then check at least after 6-8 months. For better results try to file a good income tax return in the mean while time (between this 6-8 months gap).

4. Diversify your investment portfolio – As now a day’s your investments accounts are linked with Aadhar, your investment details are available at a common pool for access to authorised authorities like credit bureaus. People with diversify investment portfolio have better credit scores always. So just won’t keep your investments in fixed deposits or saving accounts but diversify. Purchase shares, securities, bonds, mutual funds other than just solid assets like real estate. 

Here is a way to easily improve your credit score. This is from my personal experience, I have tried this on my clients and it does provide a positive result. If are very conservative towards your investment plans, just go for this plan to improve your credit score. Create few FDs’ (Fixed Deposits) with a maturity period of 2 years or more and few RDs’ (Recurring Deposits) with a maturity period of 1 year more. These investments should show a composition of 20%-30% of your annual earning at least.  Wait for 6-8 months and then check credit score. The reason behind this is that your asset base or in other words your net worth reflects your good financial health and credit worthiness. So the credit score improves. 

5. Regular Income Tax Return filing – Income Tax Return is the source of financial record for every authority like  Income Tax and credit rating bureaus. The financial records are traced by these bureaus from the income tax returns filed by you. People with no income tax return filing record mostly have poor credit rating.

6. Longevity of Credit life – People with sound and long credit life record like running term loans in the past and timely payments, have better credit score. Take your credit usage and repayment seriously. And if you are not getting long term loan funds then try to get short term small credits for your various usages which will start building your credit usage track record.

7. Avoid defaults – Bank and financial institutions stay away from defaulters. Yes it is obvious that no one knowingly does any default but many times our ill-planned financial cycle or calendar invites payment default. Always run with cover transaction to ensure fund availability for loan payment on due date.

8. Get a credit card – Yes it is correct. Your credit card can help you to get a good credit score. So if you won’t have a credit card get one soon. As it is evident that people with credit card and its good track record have good credit worthiness.

9. Balanced Credit Mix – It is important to even diversify and maintain your credit portfolio. Have a balanced loan structure which reflect an appropriate usage and finance cost maintenance (interest and charges). Use long term funds for long term usage and short term for short term usage. Use specialized fund for specific purpose, like home loan for housing finance etc. All this builds a good credit score.

 

Do’s and Don’ts

In case of building an attractive Credit score. You should :-

Do’s

- Have a credit card.

- File income tax return regularly.

- Diversify your Investment and loan (Credit) profile.

- Keep Loan defaults at bay.

- Check your credit score atleast once in every Six Month.

Don’ts

- Avoid late payment of loan installments.

- In case of default, negotiate with your lender to have an out of court settlement & avoid to be listed in defaulters list.

- Don’ts associate yourself in joint loans with financially unsound individuals and entities.

- Avoid providing guarantee for financially unsound individuals and entities.

- Avoid getting to many loans.

Here is my best try to provide you the information about credit score and ways to improve it from my experience and knowledge. Friends I‘am putting my strongest efforts to provide you all the details in simplest language, please show your support and follow my blog. Do share with your friends and family to spread the knowledge.

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The above blog is purely for educational and  guidance purpose. It's just the reflection of the author's personal experience and judgment. The author has just provided the general information & understanding and its not at all an alternative of any legal advice or practitioner. The content stated in the blog should be used by the reader at his own discretion and sole responsibility. The content of the blog can be only used for any other document, write-up, article, blog and any written or printed material whether on paper or digitally in any form, with the prior permission of the author.  

Introduction to Mutual Funds

Introduction to Mutual Funds

Mutual fund is a hot topic always for people, but due to lucrative returns in the pandemic now everyone wants to understand it. “Mutual funds are subjected to market risk” this phrase surmounts our mind when we think of mutual funds. The reverberance of risk associated with mutual funds acts as a hurdle for investor to take the first step towards Mutual fund investments.  This risk factor over-shadows the benefits in lime light. With this blog I’am putting an effort to explain you what is mutual fund in simple language. I will explain you the benefits and cons of mutual funds and types of mutual fund. Here is the simplest guide to mutual funds. So let’s start learning.

What is Mutual Fund ?

Mutual means shared by two or more people. Fund stands for money collected. Mutual Fund is a pool of investment created by the mutual fund trust to be used for investing further in securities, bonds and debts etc. This investment is managed by experienced fund managers for getting maximum benefits in the form of incomes. This benefit or income from the fund, so invested by the Assets Management Company are distributed among the investors in the form of returns.

Why to go for Mutual Funds ?

We do investment in different assets & securities. Investment provides us an additional income and future security. Everyone tries to diversify their investment portfolio which involves investing in securities, shares, bonds and debentures. But if one wants to invest in securities, bonds and debts, they need to do lots of research to avoid loss and have desired returns. This involves a lot of skills and knowledge as well as time to time monitoring is necessary to avoid any uncertainty. Mutual fund Company does the same think on your behalf from the fund invested by you and others. As mutual funds are managed by experts you can relax and concentrate on your work and your funds will keep earning.

Terminologies

In order to understand Mutual Funds better lets understand the few terminologies and abbreviations most used in the mutual funds operation and mechanism.

1.   Sponsors – Mutual fund is formed in the form of Trust, established by Sponsors. Sponsors are like regulators of mutual funds. They appoint AMC for the management of Mutual Funds. The very well recognised mutual fund trust is UTI (Unit Trust of India). There may be one sponsor or one sponsor along with other corporates to form a mutual fund trust.

2.    AMC – Assets Management Company. This company manages the investment of the investor and invest this fund money in securities and bonds. Mutual fund is been formed by sponsors and they hire AMC’s to handle the investment of investors.  AMC do all the work to management the mutual fund like investment, marketing, accounting and other functions. They charge fees for their service from the investors. Example of AMC are SBI Mutual Fund, HDFC Mutual Fund.

3.    AUM – Asset under management. It is the total asset which the AMC manage for the mutual fund. The value of the securities, debts and bonds less the liabilities of the mutual fund is its AUM. 

4.    Fund Manager -  AMC allocated proper fund manager for a particular mutual fund to manage and plan its investment and evaluate its performance. Fund manger is the proper person who manages the portfolio of mutual fund scheme. For example – Mr. Prashant Jain is the Fund Manager of HDFC Balanced Advantage Fund.

5.   NAV – Net asset value. It is the market value of the securities held by the AMC under the respective scheme of mutual fund. It varies on day to day basis as the market fluctuates. But the NAV is same for a scheme throughout the day, as it is valued at the end of the trading day. For example HDFC Balanced Advantage Fund - Growth Plan - Direct Plan : NAV on 09/11/2021 : ₹ 303.8310.

Benefits of mutual funds

There are varies benefits of mutual funds. This is the reason now a days it the prime choice of investors.

1.   Professionally managed – Mutual funds are managed by fund managers. Fund managers are expert in their work and this provides the expert level performances to the mutual fund. Investor doesn’t have to personally get involved in the investment decisions.

2.  Tax Saving – ELSS (Equity linked saving scheme) is the type of mutual fund type which qualify for deduction under Sec. 80C of the Income Tax Act. Will discuss this in detail below.

3.   Liquidity – Mutual provides you easy entry and exit options. There are open end schemes which provide high liquidity.

4.   Generating Income & High Returns - Mutual fund can be used for a generating passive or additional income. Mutual may provide high returns as when the stock market is high the returns on mutual funds are high. Diversification – Investor can diversify his investment portfolio by investing in mutual funds. In place of personally investing in different assets or securities one can invest in mutual fund which has various securities in its scheme structure. Diversification helps to achieve a balanced investment and safe returns in future.

5.    Time Saving – A person can concentrate on his main business or profession and side by side invest in mutual funds to get an additional income as Mutual funds are managed by Fund Managers.

6.    Easy Accessibility – Now one can very easily invest in mutual funds either directly or through a distributor or discount agent.

If one has its advantage then will have disadvantage as well. Here are the disadvantages or some of the cons of mutual funds.

1. Greed - Mutual Funds are managed by people only and people have a psychological factor of greed. Mutual fund managers tries to get maximum investment from investors because in return of that investment they get fees. Sometimes they even compromise on the level of fund performance to get maximum investment for earning more fees. They do extra manipulative advertisement to entice investors.

2. Risk – “Mutual Funds are subjected to risk”. As they are based on share market securities and share market is volatile. The market goes up and down, the mutual fund returns also go up and down.

3. Investors sentimental effect - Share market is volatile. Its goes up and down from time to time. Many a times a down fall in Share market spread fear in investors and they start withdrawing from the mutual fund their Investments. This in turn makes the fund manager to withdraw or sale the investment of the Mutual fund. This lowers the value of mutual fund as a result the NAV of the mutual fund decreases.

Types of Mutual Funds

There are various types of mutual funds. They are categorised in four broad categories. 

I. Mutual fund based on fund scheme

II. Mutual fund based on investment objective

III. Based on asset invested

IV. Special funds


I. Mutual fund based on fund scheme.

There are basically two types of mutual funds based on fund scheme :-

(a) Close ended scheme

(b) Open ended scheme


(a) Close ended scheme

In this mutual fund scheme the maturity period of the mutual fund scheme is fixed. There is a well defined initial issue period within which you can purchase the units of the scheme. Once the issue period is closed, only the already issued units can be purchased or sold. Example - Reliance Close Ended Equity Fund - Series A – Growth, etc.

(b) Open ended scheme

In this mutual fund scheme the maturity period is not define. You can purchase the units of mutual funds at any time and sell it at any time. These are highly liquid Mutual Fund schemes. Example - SBI Small Cap Fund, etc.

II. Mutual fund based on investment objective

Every investor has a different investment objective; this mutual fund is based on the objective of the investor. Some investors want more growth on the other hand some investors want fixed income. There are basically of three types :-

(a) Growth funds

(b) Fixed income fund

(c) Balanced fund

(a) Growth funds

These scheme basically target long term growth. They are meant for long term investment. They are highly risk prone because they invest more and more on equities and market securities. Example – Axis Growth Opportunities Fund, etc.

(b) Fixed income fund

These mutual fund schemes provide regular returns for a period of time. They won't provide high returns as they have low risk. Example - Mirae Asset Short Term Fund, etc.

(C)Balanced fund

These mutual fund schemes provide your balance between risk and return. They provide a combination in there investment portfolio of equity and debt to get a stable income. The risk is lower as compared to growth funds but higher as compared to fix income funds. Example - DSP Equity & Bond Fund, etc.

III. Based on asset invested

Here the mutual funds are categorised on the basis of the securities in which they invest. Based on asset invested by mutual fund scheme there are three types of mutual funds :-

(a) Equity fund

(b) Debt fund

(c) Hybrid funds

(a) Equity fund

These funds majorly invest in stock or equities of companies. They can invest in Large cap, Mid Cap or small cap companies. They also invest in bluechip companies as well. They have high risk and provide high return. Example - Axis Small Cap Fund, etc. 

(b) Debt fund

These funds invest in debt market security. They provide Low Returns as compared to equity fund. They usually invest in government securities like Government Bonds, debentures, other government securities. Example - Axis Gilt Fund, etc.

(C) Hybrid funds

These Mutual Funds invest in both equity and debt. They create a combination of equity and debt, in some scheme debt portion is more as compared to equity and in some scheme equity portion is more. They are also called balanced fund. They are more risky then debt funds and less risky than equity funds. In the same way they provide more returns as compared to debt funds and less returns as compared to equity funds. Example - Axis Triple Advantage Fund, etc.

III. Special funds

These fund scheme invest in special kinds of asset as per the investment plan or purpose of the Mutual Fund scheme. They can be categorised in four types :-

(a) Index funds

(b) Sectoral funds

(c) Regional Funds

(d) Tax Saving Funds


(a)Index scheme

Index are market benchmark like Nifty 50 or Sensex. Index scheme invest in index stock. They are highly risky. Example - Tata Index Fund Sensex Direct Plan, etc.

(b) Sectoral funds

These mutual funds invest in specific sectors or industrial sector. Like some mutual funds invest in infrastructural companies and some in IT companies etc. Nippon India Pharma fund Direct Growth is a sectoral fund which invest in pharma companies etc.

(c) Regional funds

These mutual funds invest in specific geographical area. They basically invest in companies working or planning to start working in specific geographical area. These funds are mostly popular and operating in foreign countries. Example – Matthews Korea Fund, etc.

(d) Tax Saving Funds

These mutual funds investment are eligible for tax deduction under Section 80 C of the Income Tax Act. In these mutual funds scheme there is a lock in period which starts from three years. These are the most adored mutual fund scheme in India. ELSS (Equity linked saving scheme) are the tax saving funds. Example – JM Tax Gain Fund, etc.

I tried my best to explain you all about mutual funds. This is just the introduction and I will be coming up with specific blogs over it to share with you further details. If you have any comments and queries, feel free to share over the comment box below. The mutual funds mentioned above are just for education purpose and they are not in any manner a advice or recommendation.

Take care and god bless you all.

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The above blog is purely for educational and  guidance purpose. It's just the reflection of the author's personal experience and judgment. The author has just provided the general information & understanding and its not at all an alternative of any legal advice or practitioner. The content stated in the blog should be used by the reader at his own discretion and sole responsibility. The content of the blog can be only used for any other document, write-up, article, blog and any written or printed material whether on paper or digitally in any form, with the prior permission of the author.